Ukungalungi komhlaba
Amandla ombane (ubushushu be-geothermal) ikhankanywe njengendawo ezinzileyo kwigesi yendalo. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo ngenene? Umzekelo, ingaba ubutyebi bamanzi aphantsi komhlaba bakhuselwe kakuhle kule miba iqhubela phambili nemisebenzi yomhlaba? Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kwamandla ombane kunye nobushushu be-geothermal.
Yintoni kanye kanye i-geothermal?
Amandla ombane Igama lezesayensi lobushushu be-geothermal. Umahluko wenziwa phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini: amandla asezantsi e-geothermal (phakathi kwe-0 ukuya kwi-300 yeemitha) kunye namandla e-geothermal anzulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2500 yeemitha emhlabeni).
Yintoni i-geothermal engekho nzulu?
U-Niels Hartog, umphandi kwi-KWR Watercycle Research: Amandla e-geothermal amancinci aqukethe iinkqubo ezigcina ubushushu kunye nokubanda kwamaxesha athile, ezinje ngeenkqubo zokutshisa ubushushu bomhlaba kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza nokubanda (WKO). Ehlotyeni, amanzi ashushu avela kwisiseko esingaphantsi komhlaba agcinelwa ukufudumeza ebusika, ebusika amanzi abandayo agcinelwa ukupholisa ehlotyeni. Ezi nkqubo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezisezidolophini nakwiindawo zokuhlala.
Yintoni 'evulekileyo' kunye 'nezivaliweyo' iinkqubo?
Hartog: Inkqubo yokutshintsha ubushushu esezantsi yinkqubo evaliweyo. Kulapho amandla obushushu atshintshiselana phezu kodonga lombhobho emhlabeni. Kwi-WKO, amanzi ashushu nabandayo ayampontshwa kwaye agcinwe emhlabeni. Kuba amanzi asebenzayo afakwa apha nangaphandle kwesanti emhlabeni, oku kukwabizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo ezivulekileyo.
Yintoni amandla anzulu obushushu bomhlaba?
Ngamandla anzulu e-geothermal, impompo enamanzi kubushushu be-80 ukuya kwi-90 degrees ikhutshwa emhlabeni. Kushushu ngobushushu obungaphantsi komhlaba, yiyo loo nto igama elithi ubushushu bomhlaba. Oko kunokwenzeka unyaka wonke, kuba amaxesha onyaka akanafuthe kubushushu kwindawo ephantsi komhlaba. I-horticulture yegreenhouse yaqala ngale minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Ngoku kuya kujongwa ngakumbi ukuba amandla anzulu e-geothermal anokusetyenziswa njani kwimimandla ekuhlalwa kuyo njengenye yegesi.
Ubunzulu bamandla obushushu bomhlaba bukhankanywa njengenye indlela kunegesi
Ngaba ngumthombo ongapheliyo wamandla?
Amandla anzulu obushushu obungaphantsi komhlaba ayingcaciso yomthombo wamandla. Ubushushu buyasuswa emhlabeni kwaye oku kuyongezwa ngamaxesha athile. Ixesha elingaphezulu, le nkqubo inokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ngokumalunga nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2, kugcinwa ngakumbi kunokusetyenziswa kwezibaso.
Ubushushu be-geothermal: izibonelelo
- Umthombo ozinzileyo wamandla
- Akukho CO2 zikhutshwa
Ubushushu basemhlabeni: izinto ezingalunganga
- Iindleko zokwakha eziphezulu
- Umngcipheko omncinci weenyikima
- Umngcipheko wongcoliseko lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba
Yintoni ifuthe lamandla aphuma kubushushu bamanzi okusela?
Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amanzi okusela abekwe kubunzulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-320 yeemitha emhlabeni. Ezi sitokhwe zikhuselwe ngamashumi amashumi eemitha zomaleko wobumba odongwe. Kwindlela yokusebenza komhlaba, amanzi (angasetyenziswanga ukuvelisa amanzi okusela) ayafuduswa okanye ulwelo lufakwe kumbhobho emhlabeni.
Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, ukubhola kuyafuneka emhlabeni. Njengoko imisebenzi ye-geothermal ihlala isenzeka kumakhulu eemitha, kunokuba yimfuneko ukubhola kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Kwingxelo ye-2016 KWR, uHartog wabeka umngcipheko kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba:
Ubushushu bomhlaba: imingcipheko emithathu yamanzi okusela
Umngcipheko 1: Ukugrumba akuhambi kakuhle
Xa kusombiwa iiphakheji zamanzi omhlaba ngokungatywinwa ngokwaneleyo kweendlela zokuzahlula kunokubangela ungcoliseko lwamanzi omhlaba. Ukugrumba udaka ngezinto ezinokungcoliseka kunokungena nakumaleko ohambisa amanzi (i-aquifer) okanye iipakeji zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Kwaye ukungcoliseka kwindawo engezantsi komhlaba kunokuphelela phantsi kolu luhlu ngokungena kwindawo ekhuselayo.
Umngcipheko 2: Umgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba wehla ngenxa yobushushu obushiyekileyo
Ubungakanani bokukhutshwa kobushushu equleni kungakhokelela kutshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba awanakufudumala kune-25 degrees. Luluphi utshintsho olunokubakho olungaziwayo kwaye mhlawumbi luxhomekeke kwindawo.
Umngcipheko 3: Ungcoliseko oluvela kwiqula elidala leoyile kunye negesi
Ukusondela kwemithombo yeoyile kunye negesi yakudala eshiyekileyo kufutshane nenaliti yeenkqubo zokuphefumla komhlaba kukhokelela kumngcipheko wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Imithombo emidala isenokuba yonakele okanye ayivalwanga ngokwaneleyo. Oku kuvumela ukwakheka kwamanzi okuphuma kwidama lobushushu bomhlaba ukuze kunyuke ngequla elidala kwaye kuphele kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba.
Ngalo lonke uhlobo lobushushu bomhlaba kukho umngcipheko kwimithombo yamanzi okusela
I-Geothermal: hayi kwiindawo zamanzi okusela
Ngamandla anzulu obushushu obuphuma emhlabeni kodwa nangokweenkqubo ze-thermal ezinzulu, ke ngoko kukho umngcipheko kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba esiwasebenzisayo njengomthombo wamanzi okusela. Iinkampani zamanzi okusela, kodwa kunye ne-SSM (Ukonganyelwa kweMigodi kaRhulumente) ke ngoko zibalulekile kwimisebenzi yezemigodi enje ngombane onzulu wobushushu bamandla kuzo zonke iindawo zokukhupha amanzi okusela kunye neendawo ezinamanzi acocekileyo angaphantsi komhlaba. Amaphondo ke ngoko awabandakanyi amandla eshushu nawokuphela komhlaba kwiindawo zokukhusela nakwimimandla engenaso isithukuthezi ejikeleze iisayithi ezikhoyo zokukhupha. Urhulumente ophakathi ukwamkele oku kubekelwa ecaleni kwamandla obushushu obuphuma komhlaba kubushushu kwindawo zamanzi okusela (kuyilo) Umbono weSakhiwo seSiseko.
Imithetho ecacileyo kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo ezifunekayo
Ukufumana amandla ashushu angaphantsi komhlaba, okt iinkqubo zokugcina ubushushu, imigaqo ecacileyo kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zemvume yenkqubo yokufudumeza komhlaba iyasetyenzwa. Hartog: Ngale ndlela uthintela amakhwenkwe eenkomo ukuba angene kwintengiso kwaye unika iinkampani ezilungileyo ithuba lokwakha inkqubo ethembekileyo nekhuselekileyo kwenye indawo, ngokubonisana nephondo kunye nenkampani yamanzi okusela.
‘Inkcubeko yezokhuseleko yingxaki’
Kodwa ngamandla anzongonzongo obushushu asikabikho mithetho icacileyo. Ukongeza, iinkampani zamanzi okusela zixhalabile malunga nenkcubeko yokhuseleko kwicandelo le-geothermal. Ngokwengxelo evela kwi-SSM, ayilunganga le nto kwaye ingqwalasela ayixhomekekanga kakhulu kukhuseleko, koko kugcino lweendleko.
Akuchazwanga ukuba kufuneka kubekwe esweni njani ukubekwa kweliso
‘Ukubeka iliso akulungiswanga kakuhle’
Oku ikakhulu ikuku malunga nendlela owenza ngayo ukomba kunye nokwakha kakuhle, utsho uHartog. Imalunga nalapho ubhola khona, ukuba ubhola njani kwaye uvale njani umngxunya. Izinto zemithombo kunye nenani leendonga zikwabalulekile. Inkqubo mayibe manzi kangangoko. Ngokwabagxeki, le ngxaki kanye. Ukwenza amandla obushushu ngokuphuma komhlaba ngokukhuselekileyo, kufuneka ukuba kubekwe iliso elibukhali ukuze naziphi na iingxaki zifumaneke kwaye kuthathwe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza xa izinto zingahambi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, imigaqo ayicacisi ukuba olo hlobo lokujonga kufuneka lulungiswe njani.
Ngaba amandla 'aphephile' obushushu bomhlaba anokubakho?
Ngokuqinisekileyo, utsho uHartog. Ayisiyongxaki yenye okanye enye, ubukhulu becala yindlela owenza ngayo. Kubalulekile ukubandakanya iinkampani zamanzi okusela kuphuhliso. Banobutyebi bolwazi ngomhlaba. Ke bazi ngokuchanekileyo into efunekayo ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo ubonelelo lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba.
Intsebenziswano yePhondo
Kwiindawo ezininzi, iPhondo, iinkampani zamanzi okusela kunye nabavelisi bamandla ashushu asebenza kunye ngokuqinileyo kwizivumelwano ezilungileyo. Umzekelo, isivumelwano ‘esiluhlaza’ sigqityiwe e-Noord-Brabant esithi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, apho imisebenzi yangaphantsi komhlaba ingenzeka kwaye ingenzeki. Kukho intsebenziswano efanayo eGelderland.
‘Ukusebenza kunye kwisisombululo’
NgokukaHartog, akukho enye indlela ngaphandle kokubambisana phakathi kwawo onke amaqela achaphazelekayo. Sifuna ukulahla igesi, sivelise amandla azinzileyo kwaye ngaxeshanye sibe namanzi apompo akumgangatho ophezulu kwaye afikelelekayo. Inokwenzeka loo nto, kodwa emva koko kufuneka sisebenzisane ngendlela eyakhayo kwaye singazibandakanyi nomzabalazo phakathi kwethu. Oko akunamsebenzi. Kwinkqubo entsha yophando ngoku sijonga ukuba ulwazi lwamanzi lungasetyenziswa njani kwicandelo ngokubanzi kuqoqosho olujikelezayo.
Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza
Utshintsho lwegesi kunye namandla eNetherlands ngoku luhamba ngesantya esikhawulezayo. Kwiinkqubo ezingena nzulu zivulekileyo zomhlaba, ukukhula okuqikelelweyo kuqikelelwe: kungoku nje zingama-3 000 iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zamandla omhlaba, ngowama-2023 kufuneka kubekho ama-8,000. Ukuba kanye kanye mabayephi na akukaziwa. Olunye ugcino lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba luyafuneka kwakhona kunikezelo lwamanzi okusela lwexesha elizayo ekufuneka ichongiwe. Amaphondo kunye neenkampani zamanzi okusela ziphanda ke ukuba zombini amabango esithuba angenziwa njani. Ukwahlulahlulwa komsebenzi yindawo yokuqala.
Ulwenziwo olufunekayo
NgokukaHartog, ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje kunye nezivumelwano ezenziwe zenze uhlobo lwenkqubo yesizwe. Emva koko ujonge iimfuno ezithile zenkqubo ye-geothermal kwindawo nganye. I-substrate yahlukile kuyo yonke indawo kwaye umaleko wodongwe wahlukile kubukhulu.
Zomelele, kodwa ngaphandle komngcipheko
Okokugqibela, uHartog ugxininisa ukuba akufuneki sivale amehlo ethu kwiziphumo ezinokubakho kubume bendalo. Ndihlala ndikuthelekisa nokunyuka kwemoto yombane: uphuhliso oluzinzileyo, kodwa usenokubetha umntu ngayo. Ngamafutshane, olo phuhliso kwimeko ebanzi kwaye kwixesha elide lilungile akuthethi ukuba akukho bungozi.
Iziqulatho
- Ukungalungi komhlaba
- Yintoni kanye kanye i-geothermal?
- Yintoni i-geothermal engekho nzulu?
- Yintoni 'evulekileyo' kunye 'nezivaliweyo' iinkqubo?
- Yintoni amandla anzulu obushushu bomhlaba?
- Ngaba ngumthombo ongapheliyo wamandla?
- Ubushushu be-geothermal: izibonelelo
- Ubushushu basemhlabeni: izinto ezingalunganga
- Yintoni ifuthe lamandla aphuma kubushushu bamanzi okusela?
- Ubushushu bomhlaba: imingcipheko emithathu yamanzi okusela
- Umngcipheko 1: Ukugrumba akuhambi kakuhle
- Umngcipheko 2: Umgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba wehla ngenxa yobushushu obushiyekileyo
- Umngcipheko 3: Ungcoliseko oluvela kwiqula elidala leoyile kunye negesi
- I-Geothermal: hayi kwiindawo zamanzi okusela
- Imithetho ecacileyo kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo ezifunekayo
- ‘Inkcubeko yezokhuseleko yingxaki’
- ‘Ukubeka iliso akulungiswanga kakuhle’
- Ngaba amandla 'aphephile' obushushu bomhlaba anokubakho?
- Intsebenziswano yePhondo
- ‘Ukusebenza kunye kwisisombululo’
- Ukukhula ngokukhawuleza
- Ulwenziwo olufunekayo
- Zomelele, kodwa ngaphandle komngcipheko