Unobangela wokukhuseleka eMelika.
Urhulumente we i-USA Izibonelelo indawo yezopolitiko kubemi ngubani onokubonisa ukuba bayoyika ukubuyela kwilizwe labo , kuba bane uloyiko olusisiseko lokutshutshiswa . Abemi banokuba nelungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko kwezopolitiko ukuba, ngaphambili bebefanele ukushiya ilizwe labo ngenxa yentshutshiso.
Kunyaka omnye, emva kokufumana indawo yokhuseleko e-United States, abemi banokufaka izicelo ikhadi eliluhlaza , ezibanika ilungelo lokuhlala ngokusisigxina. Ukufumana ukufumana indawo yokhuseleko e-USA, ummi kufuneka aqale aqhakamshele iNkonzo yokuFudukela kwelinye ilizwe ( I-USCIS ) kwaye uphathe ifomu yokufaka isicelo nabo.
Emva kokuphonononga ityala lakho, uyakufumana isigqibo esingahle okanye sibe sihle. Ukuba impendulo nguhayi, ummi angafaka isibheno enkundleni kwaye aqinisekise ubungqina bezizathu zokufumana indawo yokhuseleko kwezopolitiko.
Kwinkqubo yokufumana indawo yokhuseleko kwezopolitiko, kuya kufuneka uqinisekise ngenkonzo yokungena kwelinye ilizwe okanye ijaji, ngubani osengozini yokwenyani, owatshutshiswa ngaphambi kokubhenela kwinkonzo, okanye onomngcipheko wokuba ngomnye kwixesha elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, isoyikiso okanye ingxelo yentshutshiso kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokubhaliweyo ukulungiselela ubungqina bexesha elizayo.
Ngokuphathelele isoyikiso sentshutshiso, oko kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenzakala okanye ukuxhwila, ukubanjwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni kunye nezisongelo zokubulawa. Esinye isizathu sokucela indawo yezopolitiko sinokugxothwa emsebenzini, ukugxothwa esikolweni, ukulahleka kwendlu, enye ipropathi, kunye nezinye izinto ukuphulwa kwamalungelo .
Xa ufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kwezopolitiko e-United States, kuya kufuneka uchaze, ungqina ngemvelaphi yentshutshiso. Lo mthombo unokuba ngurhulumente uqobo, amapolisa okanye amagosa alo naluphi na udidi okanye nawuphina umntu okwintsimi yelizwe lakho. Okwesibini, kufuneka ungqine ukuba urhulumente khange athathe nawaphi na amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwakho, okanye okubi, uncede abo babekutshutshisa.
Phantsi komthetho wase-United States wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ezi zizizathu zokufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kwezopolitiko:
- Izimvo zepolitiki
- Iinkolelo zonqulo
- Abakwiqela elithile loluntu.
- Uhlanga okanye ubuzwe
- Ukubangabambalwa kwezesondo.
- Izizathu zoluntu
Ukufumana indawo yokukhosela e-US, kuyakufuneka ubonise ukuba intlawulo ayihambelani nendalo kwaye inxulunyaniswa nenye yezinto ezidweliswe apha ngasentla. Ke ngoko, kumajoni omkhosi angcungcuthekiswa, axhatshazwa ngamajoni amadala okanye igosa, kuyakufuneka ukuseka izizathu zongquzulwano.
1. Abantu abatshutshisa abanye ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko, okanye ngenxa yokuba bengabenkolo ethile, iqela lentlalo, ubuhlanga, ubuzwe.
2. Abantu ababanjelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho.
3. Abantu abenza isoyikiso eMelika ukuba kukho isizathu esivakalayo sokukholelwa emngciphekweni lowo.
4. Abantu abenze ubugebenga kummandla welizwe labo bezama ukuphepha uxanduva kummandla waseMelika.
5. Abantu abanokuhlala ngokusisigxina kummandla wamanye amazwe, ngaphandle kwelizwe lokuzalwa, ngaphambi kokufika eMelika.
Isizathu ngasinye sokufumana indawo yokukhosela e-United States sinentsingiselo ethile kunye nomxholo. Ngokubanzi, sibonisa ukuba zeziphi izizathu.
Izimvo zepolitiki
Inqaku le-19 le Isibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oluNtu . , uqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokucinga nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo: eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuba nezimvo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ukufuna, ukufumana nokuhambisa ulwazi kunye nezimvo nangayiphi na indlela nangayiphi na indlela kurhulumente. Lo mgaqo ungqinisiswa yi Inqaku le-19 loMnqophiso weHlabathi wamaLungelo oLuntu kunye nezoPolitiko .
Umfaki-sicelo kufuneka anike ubungqina boyika intshutshiso ngenxa yokushumayela ezo nkolelo. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba isimo sengqondo sabasemagunyeni kwinkolelo yomenzi-sicelo ziinkolelo zokunganyamezeli ukuba umfaki sicelo okanye abasemagunyeni babanga ukuba, umfaki sicelo okanye abanye bakwimeko efanayo, batshutshiswa ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo okanye bafumana izoyikiso ezivela kubo. amanyathelo.
Iinkolelo zonqulo
Isibhengezo Sehlabathi Ngo-1948 amaLungelo oLuntu kunye noMnqophiso waMazwe ngaMazwe wamaLungelo oLuntu nawezopolitiko ka-1966 , ibhengeza ilungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, isazela kunye nenkolo. Eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokuzikhethela, ukutshintsha inkolo kunye nelungelo lokusasaza iinkolo zabo, ilungelo lokufundiswa ngokwenkolo, unqulo kunye nokunyamezelwa kwezithethe nezithethe zabo.
Imizekelo yentshutshiso yenkolo ibandakanya:
-Ukuthintela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimibutho yezenkolo;
-ukuthintela imisebenzi yenkolo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke;
-Ukuthintela imfundo yenkolo noqeqesho;
-ukucalulwa ngenxa yenkolo.
Abakwiqela elithile loluntu.
Amaqela ezentlalontle ahlala edibanisa abantu abanemvelaphi efanayo, abaphila ngendlela efanayo okanye abalinganayo ngokwentlalo (abafundi, abadla umhlala-phantsi, oosomashishini). Ukuhlukunyezwa koku kuhlala kuhamba noloyiko lokutshutshiswa, ngenxa yezinye izizathu, ezinjengobuhlanga, inkolo, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe.
Inqaku lesi-2 lesibhengezo samalungelo oluntu sowe-1948 ibhekisa kwimvelaphi yesizwe neyasentlalweni phakathi kweendlela zocalucalulo ngokusekwe kwinto efanele ukuthintelwa. Amalungiselelo afanayo afumaneka kuMnqophiso waMazwe ngaMazwe wezoQoqosho, iiNtlalontle kunye namaLungelo eNkcubeko kunye noMnqophiso waMazwe ngaMazwe wamaLungelo oLuntu nezoPolitiko, ngo-1966.
Uhlanga okanye ubuzwe
Vula iNdibano ka-1951 , ukutolikwa kwekota ubumi ayikhawulelwanga kwingcinga ye- ubuzwe Ikwabandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba kolunye uhlanga, inkolo okanye iqela lolwimi kwaye inokudibana kunye nomxholo wobuhlanga. Kwelinye icala, intshutshiso kumhlaba wobuzwe okanye welizwe icaciswa rhoqo kwimo yobutshaba kwaye ibandakanya amanyathelo ngokuchasene neqela elincinci lesizwe ( inkolo, ubuhlanga ).
Ukuba uMbuso unamaqela athile obuhlanga okanye eelwimi, akusoloko kunokwenzeka ukwahlula intshutshiso ngenxa yezizathu zobuhlanga ekutshutshisweni kweenkolelo zabo zopolitiko, kwindibaniselwano yemibutho yezopolitiko enobuzwe obuthile, ke, kule meko, kunyanzelekile ukuthetha ngezinye zazo izizathu nezizathu zokutshutshiswa.
Abancinci abancinci ngokwesondo
Nangona umthetho uqinisekisa ngamalungelo alinganayo nenkululeko yamadoda nabemi, amatyala okudlwengulwa kwabantu abancinci ngokwesini asiqhelekanga. Imizekelo ye-Sexual Harassment yabantu abambalwa inokuba kukwamkelwa kwemithetho yabantu abathandana besisini esinye, ukwenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho kubudlelwane besini esifanayo, ucalucalulo emsebenzini nengqesho. Umzekelo wentshutshiso ikwanokuba sisithintelo Imibutho ye-LGBT isithintelo senkululeko yokuhlangana kunye nokuhlangana.
Izizathu zoluntu
Esi sesinye isizathu, kodwa isigqibo esizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo sokulungela ukungena nokuhlala eUnited States. Ikhutshwa ngenxa yezizathu zoluntu. Isigqibo sokunika ilungelo lokungena eUnited States sinikezelwa ngunobhala we United States Isebe lezoKhuseleko lwaseKhaya . Ke ngoko, isigqibo sokukhupha iphepha-mvume linokuba ngenxa yezizathu ezingxamisekileyo zonyango nezoluntu, kunye nezinye iimeko zikaxakeka.
Zithini izibonelelo zokhuseleko?
I-asylee, okanye umntu ofumana indawo yokhuseleko, ukhuselwe ekubeni abuyiselwe kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, ugunyazisiwe ukuba asebenze e-United States, angenza isicelo ikhadi lokhuseleko loluntu , ungafaka isicelo sokuhambela phesheya, kwaye ungafaka isicelo sokuzisa amalungu osapho eMelika. I-Asylees inokuthi ikulungele ukufumana izibonelelo ezithile, ezinje ngeMedicaid okanye iNcedo lwezoNyango lweeMbacu.
Emva konyaka omnye, i-asylee inokufaka isicelo sobume obusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni (okt ikhadi eliluhlaza). Nje ukuba umntu abe ngumhlali ngokusisigxina, kufuneka alinde iminyaka emine ukufaka isicelo sokuba ngummi.
Ithini inkqubo yesicelo sokhuseleko?
Zimbini iindlela eziphambili umntu anokufaka ngazo isicelo sokukhuselwa eMelika: inkqubo ngokuvuma kunye nenkqubo ukuzikhusela . Abafuna indawo yokhuseleko abafika kwizibuko lokungena lase-US okanye bangene e-United States ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngokubanzi kufuneka bafake isicelo senkqubo yokhuseleko. Zombini ezi nkqubo zifuna ukuba umntu ofuna indawo yokhuseleko abekhona eMelika.
- Indawo yokuhlala Umntu ongekho kwinkqubo yokususa angafaka isicelo sokukhuseleka nge-United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), icandelo Isebe Lokhuseleko Lwasekhaya ( I-DHS ) . Ukuba igosa lokukhuseleka lase-USCIS alisamkeli isicelo sokhuseleko kwaye umenzi-sicelo akanasimo sokungena ngokusemthethweni, bathunyelwa kwinkundla yokufuduka ukuze basuswe kwinkqubo, apho banokuhlaziya khona isicelo sokukhuselwa ngenkqubo yokuzikhusela.kwaye bavele phambi kwejaji yokungena.
- Indawo yokukhusela: Umntu okwiinkqubo zokususa angafaka isicelo sokukhuseleka ngokuzalisa ifom yesicelo kunye nejaji yezokufuduka kwiOfisi yoLawulo yeSigqeba soPhononongo lokuFuduka ( EOIR kwiSebe lezoBulungisa. Ngamanye amagama, indawo yokukhosela ifunwa njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela ekususeni e-U.S. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yenkundla yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, i-EOIR ayinikezeli igqwetha elityunjiweyo kubantu abakwinkundla yokungena, nokuba abakwazi kugcina igqwetha leakhawunti yakho.
Nokuba likhona igqwetha okanye alinalo, umntu ofuna indawo yokhuseleko unoxanduva lokungqina ukuba uyahlangabezana nengcaciso yembacu. Abafuna indawo yokukhosela bahlala bebonelela ngobungqina obubambekayo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvuma kunye nokuzikhusela ebonisa intshutshiso eyadlulayo okanye ukuba banoloyiko olusisiseko lokutshutshiswa kwilizwe labo. Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina bomntu buye buyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuzimisela kwabo.
Izinto ezithile zithintela ukukhuseleka kwabantu. Ngaphandle kwemida, abantu abangasenzi sicelo sokhuseleko kunyaka omnye wokungena e-United States abayi kuba nakho ukusifumana. Kwangokunjalo, abafaki-zicelo ababeka ingozi e-United States bathintelwe kwindawo yokhuseleko.
Ngaba ukhona umhla wokugqibela wezicelo zokhuseleko?
Umntu ngokubanzi kufuneka enze isicelo sokukhuselwa kungaphelanga nonyaka omnye efikile e-United States. Inyaniso yokuba i-DHS iyafuneka ukwazisa abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko ngalo mhla wokugqibela ngumba wokumangala. Isimangalo sodidi lwamatyala sikucelile umngeni ukusilela kukarhulumente ukunika abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko isaziso esaneleyo sonyaka omnye kunye nenkqubo efanayo yokufaka izicelo ngexesha.
Abafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwindawo yokuqinisekisa kunye neenkqubo zokuzikhusela bajongana nemiqobo emininzi ekuhlangabezaneni nomhla wokugqibela wonyaka. Abanye abantu bajongana neziphumo ezibi zokuvalelwa kwabo okanye ixesha lokuhamba baya eUnited States kwaye ngekhe bazi ukuba kukho umhla wokugqibela.
Nabo bazi umhla obekiweyo wokuhlangabezana nezithintelo zenkqubo, ezinje ngokulibaziseka okude, ezinokwenza kube nzima ukungenisa isicelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusilela kumhla wokugqibela wonyaka kusisizathu sokuba urhulumente asikhabe isicelo sokukhuselwa.
Kwenzeka ntoni kwabo bafuna ukukhuselwa abafika kumda wase-United States?
Abangengobemi abahlangana okanye abanika ingxelo kwigosa lase-US kwizibuko lokungena okanye kufutshane nomda baphantsi ukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza Inkqubo ekhawulezisiweyo egunyazisa i-DHS ukuba igxothe abantu abathile ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-United States ayophuli imithetho yesizwe neyamazwe aphesheya ngokubuyisela abantu kumazwe apho ubomi babo okanye inkululeko yabo isengozini, uloyiko oluthembekileyo kunye neenkqubo esengqiqweni ukufunyanwa kwe uyoyika ziyafumaneka kwabo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwinkqubo yokususa ekhawulezileyo.
Uloyiko oluthembekileyo
Abantu ababekwe kwiinkqubo zokususwa okukhawulezileyo kwaye baxelele igosa laseKhaya lokuKhusela iMida ( I-CBP ) abo boyikayo intshutshiso, ukungcungcuthekiswa okanye ukubuyela kwilizwe labo okanye abanqwenela ukufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kufuneka bathunyelwe kudliwanondlebe olunokuthenjwa olwenziwe uloyiko. ligosa lezokhuseleko.
Ukuba igosa lokhuselo limisela ukuba umntu ocela ukukhuselwa unoloyiko lwentshutshiso okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa, oko kuthetha ukuba umntu ubonakalisile ukuba unethuba elibonakalayo lokumisela ukufaneleka kwendawo yokhuseleko okanye olunye ukhuselo phantsi kwesiVumelwano sokuTshutshiswa. Umntu lowo uya kuthunyelwa kwinkundla yokufuduka ukuze aqhubeke nenkqubo yesicelo sokukhuselwa.
Ukuba igosa lokhuselo limisela loo mntu hayi unoloyiko oluthembekileyo, ukugxothwa komntu kuyalelwa. Phambi kokugxothwa, umntu lowo angabhena kwisigqibo esibi sokuthembela ngenkqubo yokuphonononga ngaphambi komgwebi wezokufuduka. Ukuba umgwebi wezokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ukuguqula ukufunyanwa okungathandekiyo koloyiko oluthembekileyo, umntu lowo ubekwa kwiinkqubo ezithe kratya zokususa apho umntu anokufuna ukhuseleko ekususweni. Ukuba ijaji yokungena kweli iqinisekisa ukungafunyanwa kwegosa elikhuselayo, umntu lowo uya kususwa eMelika.
- Ngonyaka-mali ka-2017, I-USCIS ifumanise ukuba ngabantu abangama-60,566 babenoloyiko oluthembekileyo. Aba bantu, uninzi lwabo lwabanjwa ngexesha lenkqubo yovavanyo, baya kuba nethuba lokufaka isicelo sokukhuselwa kwindawo yokuzikhusela kwaye baqinisekise ukuba bayayifumana inkcazo yeembacu.
- Inani le amatyala oloyiko athembekileyo anyukile Ukusukela oko kwaphunyezwa le nkqubo: Kunyaka-mali ka-2009, i-USCIS igqibe amatyala angama-5,523. Ukugqitywa kwamatyala kufikelele kumaxesha onke aphezulu kwi-2016 yezemali kwi-92,071 kwaye yehla yaya kwi-79,977 kwi-2017 yezemali.
Uloyiko olusengqiqweni
Abantu abaphinda bangene eMelika ngokungekho mthethweni emva komyalelo wangaphambili wokugxothwa kunye nabangengabo abemi ababanjelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile baphantsi kwenkqubo yokususa ekhawulezileyo ebizwa ukubuyiselwa kwakhona ekugxothweni .
Ukukhusela abo bafuna ukukhuseleka ekususeni isishwankathelo ngaphambi kokuba kuviwe isicelo sabo, abo babuyisela iinkqubo zokususa abo bavakalisa uloyiko lokubuyela kwilizwe labo banodliwanondlebe olufanelekileyo kunye negosa lezokhuseleko.
Ukubonisa uloyiko olusengqiqweni, umntu lowo kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba angathuthunjiswa kwilizwe lokugxothwa okanye atshutshiswe ngokobuhlanga, inkolo, ubuzwe, uluvo lwezopolitiko, okanye ubulungu belizwe elithile. iqela lezentlalo. Ngelixa ukuthembeka kunye nokusengqiqweni uloyiko lokumisela kuvavanya ukuba nokwenzeka kwentshutshiso okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa komntu ukuba uye wagxothwa, umgangatho oqinisekileyo woloyiko uphezulu.
Ukuba igosa lokhuseleko lifumanisa ukuba umntu unoloyiko olufanelekileyo lwentshutshiso okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa, baya kuthunyelwa kwinkundla yokufuduka. Umntu unethuba lokubonisa kwijaji yezokufuduka ukuba ukulungele na ukubamba ukususwa okanye ukuhlehliswa kokususwa, ukukhuselwa ekutshutshisweni okanye ekuhlukunyezweni kwixesha elizayo. Ngelixa ukubamba ukususwa kufana nendawo yokukhosela, ezinye zeemfuno kunzima ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana nazo kwaye noncedo olunikezelwayo lilinganiselwe. Ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye ngokungafani nendawo yokukhusela, ayinikezeli indlela yokuhlala ngokusemthethweni ngokusisigxina.
Ukuba igosa lokhuselo limisela loo mntu hayi uloyiko olusengqiqweni lwentshutshiso okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa kwixa elizayo, umntu lowo angabhena kwisigqibo esibi kumgwebi wezokufuduka. Ukuba ijaji iyakuqinisekisa ukumiselwa okungalunganga kwegosa lezokhuseleko, umntu lowo unikezelwa kumagosa okungenelela ukuze asuswe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ijaji yokungena kwelinye ilizwe iyakutshintsha ukufumanisa okungalunganga kwegosa lokhuseleko, umntu lowo ubekwa kwinkqubo yokugxothwa apho umntu anokufuna ukukhuselwa ekugxothweni.
- Ngonyaka-mali ka-2017, I-USCIS ifumanise ukuba ngabantu abayi-3,018 boyika ngokufanelekileyo.
Inkqubo yokhuseleko ithatha ixesha elingakanani?
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yokukhusela ingathatha iminyaka ukuyigqiba. Ngamanye amaxesha, umntu unokufaka isicelo kwaye afumane ukuva okanye udliwanondlebe kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.
- Ukusukela ngo-Matshi 2018, bebengaphezulu kwama-318,000 izicelo zokukhuselwa ngokuvuma ilinde i-USCIS . Urhulumente akaqikeleli ixesha eliza kuthatha ishedyuli yodliwanondlebe lokuqala kwaba bafuna indawo yokhuseleko, nangona ngokwembali ukulibaziseka kunokuba kude kube yiminyaka emine kwabo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko.
- Inkqubo ye- Umsebenzi osemva kwiinkundla zokufudukela eUnited States Ukunyuka ngo-Matshi 2018 ngaphezulu kwe-690,000 yamatyala avulekileyo okugxothwa. Ngokomndilili, ezi amatyala ebelindile kangangeentsuku ezingama-718 kwaye zahlala zingasonjululwanga.
- Abantu abanetyala lenkundla yokufuduka abathi ekugqibeleni banikwa uncedo, njengendawo yokukhosela, ngo-Matshi 2018 balinda ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezili-1 kwi-avareji yesiphumo. INew Jersey kunye neCalifornia babenexesha elide lokulinda, umndilili we-1,300 iintsuku ade afumana uncedo kwimeko yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Abafuna indawo yokhuseleko, kunye namalungu osapho anethemba lokuzibandakanya nawo, ashiyeka elimbo ngelixa ityala labo lisajongile. Ukulibaziseka kunye nokulibaziseka kunokubangela ukwahlukana okungapheliyo kweentsapho zeembacu, kushiye amalungu osapho aphesheya kwiimeko eziyingozi, kwaye kwenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukuqesha igqwetha le-pro bono ngexesha lokufuna indawo yokhuseleko.
Nangona abafuna indawo yokhuseleko banokufaka isicelo sokugunyaziswa emsebenzini emva kokuba ityala labo belilinde iintsuku eziyi-150, ukungaqiniseki ngekamva labo kuthintela ingqesho, imfundo, kunye namathuba okuphulukana nokwenzakala.